Cardioprotective Lipid and Method of Use

ABSTRACT

The present invention includes a method of reducing or eliminating a cardiotoxic or cardiopathic effect of one or more active agents comprising: administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of one or more lipids that reduce or eliminate the cardiotoxic effect of the one or more active agents, wherein the lipid has formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 17/520,287, filed Nov. 5, 2021, which is a continuation application of U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 17/191,214, filed on Mar. 3, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application Serial No. 16/452,858 filed on Jun. 26, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,975,111 issued on Apr. 13, 2021, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Pat. Application Serial No. 62/690,196 filed Jun. 26, 2018, the contents of each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH

None.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to the field of novel lipids to reduce or eliminate cardiopathies, such as QT prolongation, cardiac muscle damage, or AV block, that are drug-induced or caused by a disease or condition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Without limiting the scope of the invention, its background is described in connection with drug-induced QT prolongation and other cardiopathies and cardio-toxicities.

There are numerous pharmaceutical agents designed for the treatment of various diseases which are commonly prescribed, despite being known or suspecting of having adverse effects on the patient’s heart. In addition to cardiac arrhythmias, including QT prolongation, supraventricular tachycardias (SVT), and atrial fibrillation (AF), a number of other cardiac toxicities can occur, including cardiac muscle damage, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as a side effect of pharmaceutical agents.

The cardiotoxicity of those pharmaceutical agents can lead to significant complications that can affect patients being treated for various diseases, such as proliferative malignancies. The severity of such toxicity depends on many factors such as the immediate and cumulative dose, the method of administration, the presence of any underlying cardiac condition, and various congenital or acquired cardiac risk factors unique to a particular patient. Moreover, toxicity can be affected by current or previous treatment with other pharmaceutical agents. Cardiotoxic effects can occur immediately during administration of the drug, or they may not manifest themselves until months or years after the patient has been treated.

High-dose chemotherapy remains the therapy of choice for aggressive malignancies. Countless clinical studies have demonstrated that high-dose chemotherapy can significantly prolong patient survival; however, its use and effectiveness are limited by significant side effects, in particular cardiotoxicity. In mid-to-late phase cardiac toxicity, heart failure can appear many years after chemotherapy has ended. Treatment with chemotherapeutic agents is known to result in pericardial and endomyocardial fibrosis, heart failure, myocarditis, or pericarditis. Chemotherapy has also been associated with hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis and cardiomyopathy.

In addition, antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies are also linked to cardiotoxicity. Infusion-related cardiotoxic effects, such as left ventricular dysfunction, congestive heart failure, and other cardiac dysfunction can occur. The risk of such complications increases if the patient has preexisting cardiac disease, older age, prior cardiotoxic therapy, or radiation to the chest.

Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have well known cardiotoxic effects. The antracyclins, trastuzumab, imatinib mesylate, dasatinib, nilotinib, sunitinib, sorafenib, vandetanib, and lapatinib have all been associated with a range of mechanical and electrical dysfunctions.

Among the toxic effects associated with TKIs are QT prolongation, sudden cardiac death (both considered rhythmic dysfunctions), as well as contractility issues such as reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), congestive heart failure (CHF), acute coronary disease, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (MI). Given the therapeutic potential of drugs such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, various strategies have been used to attempt to mitigate the cardiotoxicity of cancer treatment. The primary method for preventing cardiac toxicity is to limit the dose of cardiotoxic drugs. There is also some evidence that the method of drug administration may affect the risk of cardiac toxicity. Rapid administration of cardio toxic agents results in high blood levels, which may cause more heart damage than the same amount of drug given over a longer period of time. Giving smaller doses of drug more frequently can also decrease the toxicity compared to large doses of drugs at longer intervals.

The risk of cardiac toxicity from certain chemotherapy agents has been reduced by encapsulating these drugs in a liposome. For example, studies indicate that cardiotoxicity is considerably lower with liposomal doxorubicin formulations than with conventional doxorubicin.

Dexrazoxane is an aminopolycarboxylic acid that has been shown to prevent or reduce the severity of heart damage caused by doxorubicin. Dexrazoxane is thought to protect the heart muscle by blocking the formation of oxygen free radicals. One of the ways that radiation and chemotherapy drugs damage cells is by forming free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that are formed during many normal cellular processes that involve oxygen, such as burning fuel for energy. They are also formed from exposure to elements in the environment, like tobacco smoke, radiation and chemotherapy drugs.

However, a need remains for new composition and methods for reducing cardiopathies, whether drug-induced, or as a result of a disease or condition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As embodied and broadly described herein, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to a compound of Formula I:

In one aspect, the compound of Formula I exists as a single entity, a solvate, a hydrate, a crystal, an amorphous solid, a liquid or an oil. In another aspect, the compound is a hydrochloride salt. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect. In another aspect, the one or more agents that induces a cardiopathy as a side effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives. thereof. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I is in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is a formulation for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In another aspect, the formulation for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF).

As embodied and broadly described herein, an aspect of the present disclosure relates a method of preparing a compound of Formula I

comprising:

As embodied and broadly described herein, an aspect of the present disclosure relates a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier comprising:

In one aspect, the compound of Formula I exists as a single entity, a solvate, a hydrate, a crystal, an amorphous solid, a liquid or an oil. In another aspect, the compound is a hydrochloride salt. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect. In another aspect, the one or more agents that induces a cardiopathy as a side effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives. thereof. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is a formulation for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In another aspect, the formulation for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF). In another aspect, the formulation is a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form.

As embodied and broadly described herein, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reducing or eliminating one or more of a cardiac channelopathy, cardiac muscle damage, or a condition resulting from the irregularity or alteration in the cardiac pattern, in a human or animal subject, comprising the step of administering to the human or animal subject one or more of a compound of Formula I

In one aspect, the compound of Formula I exists as a single entity, a solvate, a hydrate, a crystal, an amorphous solid, a liquid or an oil. In another aspect, the compound is a hydrochloride salt. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I reduces or eliminates one or more of a cardiac channelopathy or a condition resulting from the irregularity or alteration in the cardiac pattern caused by the active agent used to treat a disease. thereof. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I is formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I is formulated for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF). In another aspect, the compound of Formula I is formulated as a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form. In another aspect, the solid form further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I is co-administered with one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect. In another aspect, the one or more active agent that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect are selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I reduces or eliminates cardiopathies, such as QT prolongation, cardiac muscle damage, or AV block, that are drug-induced or caused by a disease or condition.

As embodied and broadly described herein, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reducing or eliminating a cardiotoxic or cardiopathic effect of one or more active agents comprising: administering to a subject in need of treatment for a disease or disorder one or more one or more active agents that are cardiotoxic; and providing a combination therapy with an effective amount of one or more lipids that reduce or eliminate the cardiotoxic effect of the one or more active agents, wherein the lipid has formula:

In one aspect, the cardiotoxicity or cardiopathicity is selected from at least one of: minimal left ventricular dilation, contractile dysfunction, moderate valve regurgitation, a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac hypertrophy, reduced cardiac contractility, reduced cardiac output, pressure and volume overload hypertrophy, myocardial dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, or cardiopathy. In another aspect, the one or more active agents is selected from doxorubicin, trastuzumab, or both. In another aspect, the one or more active agents and the lipid are administered concurrently. In another aspect, the one or more active agents and the lipid are formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In another aspect, the compound is a hydrochloride salt. In another aspect, the one or more lipids, the one or more active agents, or both, are infused over 3 hours. In another aspect, the one or more agents that induces a cardiotoxic or cardiopathic effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone. In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the one or more lipids further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is a formulation for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In another aspect, the composition is formulated for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF). In another aspect, the formulation is a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form. In another aspect, the compound of Formula I:

As embodied and broadly described herein, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of reducing or eliminating a cardiotoxic effect of one or more antiproliferative agents comprising: administering to a subject in need of treatment for a proliferative disorder one or more antiproliferative agents that are cardiotoxic; and providing a combination therapy with an effective amount of one or more lipids that reduce or eliminate the cardiotoxic effect of one or more antiproliferative agents, wherein the lipid has formula:

and wherein the reduction in cardiotoxicity is at least 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, or 100 % when compared to a treatment without the lipid. In one aspect, the cardiotoxicity is selected from at least one of: minimal left ventricular dilation, contractile dysfunction, moderate valve regurgitation, a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac hypertrophy, reduced cardiac contractility, reduced cardiac output, pressure and volume overload hypertrophy, myocardial dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, or cardiopathy. In another aspect, the one or more antiproliferative agents is selected from doxorubicin, trastuzumab, or both. In another aspect, the one or more antiproliferative agents and the lipid are administered concurrently. In another aspect, the one or more antiproliferative agents and the lipid administered orally, or intravenously. In another aspect, the one or more lipids, the one or more antiproliferative agents, or both, are infused over 3 hours. In another aspect, the one or more antiproliferative agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect are selected from at least one of: Bosutinib, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Doxorubicin Lapatinib, Nilotinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib, or Vemurafenib. thereof. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures and in which:

FIG. 1 is a graph that shows the effect of compound I on moxifloxacin-induced QT prolongation in an animal model.

FIG. 2 shows the 9-week study outline for determining the cardioprotective effect of the lipids.

FIG. 3 shows M-Mode echography images comparing the effects of a sham treatment, treatment with doxorubicin and Trastuzumab, and doxorubicin and Trastuzumab+ lipid SP005.

FIG. 4 shows left ventricular pressure recordings comparing a sham treatment, treatment with doxorubicin and Trastuzumab, and doxorubicin and Trastuzumab+ lipid SP005 at two concentrations, 10 mg.kg and 50 mg/kg.

FIGS. 5A to 5H are graphs that show the systolic left ventricular pressure (FIG. 5A), heart rate (FIG. 5B), stroke volume (FIG. 5C), left ventricular ejection fraction (FIG. 5D), percent fractional shortening (FIG. 5E), N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) at day 59 (FIG. 5F), anterior wall thickness end-diastole (AWT-ED) (mm) (FIG. 5G), anterior wall thickness end-systole (AWT-ES) mm (FIG. 5H), and left ventricular mass (echo) (FIG. 5I).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention.

Compounds of the present invention include those described generally above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. In at least some embodiments, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention.

Terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not limit the invention, except as outlined in the claims. Specifically, the use of the word ‘‘a’’ or ‘‘an’’ when used in conjunction with the term ‘‘comprising’’ in the claims and/or the specification may mean ‘‘one,’’ but it is also consistent with the meaning of ‘‘one or more,’’ ‘‘at least one,’’ and ‘‘one or more than one.’’ The use of the term ‘‘or’’ in the claims is used to mean ‘‘and/or’’ unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and ‘‘and/or.’’ Throughout this application, the term ‘‘about’’ is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the measuring device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

Compound and Definitions

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words ‘‘comprising’’ (and any form of comprising, such as ‘‘comprise’’ and ‘‘comprises’’), ‘‘having’’ (and any form of having, such as ‘‘have’’ and ‘‘has’’), ‘‘including’’ (and any form of including, such as ‘‘includes’’ and ‘‘include’’) or ‘‘containing’’ (and any form of containing, such as ‘‘contains’’ and ‘‘contain’’) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. In embodiments of any of the compositions and methods provided herein, ‘‘comprising’’ may be replaced with ‘‘consisting essentially of’’ or ‘‘consisting of’’. As used herein, the phrase ‘‘consisting essentially of’’ requires the specified integer(s) or steps as well as those that do not materially affect the character or function of the claimed invention. As used herein, the term “consisting” is used to indicate the presence of the recited integer (e.g., a feature, an element, a characteristic, a property, a method/process step or a limitation) or group of integers (e.g., feature(s), element(s), characteristic(s), property(ies), method/process steps or limitation(s)) only. As used herein, each of the compounds may be used in a formulation or method that comprises one or more components or steps, but may also be in a composition or method that consists essentially of the listed components, or even in a composition or method that consists of the listed components.

The term ‘‘or combinations thereof’’ as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, ‘‘A, B, C, or combinations thereof’’ is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

As used herein, words of approximation such as, without limitation, “about”, “substantial” or “substantially” refers to a condition that when so modified is understood to not necessarily be absolute or perfect but would be considered close enough to those of ordinary skill in the art to warrant designating the condition as being present. The extent to which the description may vary will depend on how great a change can be instituted and still have one of ordinary skill in the art recognize the modified feature as still having the required characteristics and capabilities of the unmodified feature. In general, but subject to the preceding discussion, a numerical value herein that is modified by a word of approximation such as “about” may vary from the stated value by at least ±1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 or 15%.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable cation” refers in one embodiment to those organic cations or inorganic cations that are pharmaceutically acceptable for use in a mammal and are well known in the art. For example, inorganic cations or organic cations include but are not limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, zinc, aluminum, cesium, and amine cations. Amine cations include but are not limited to cations derived from ammonia, triethylamine, tromethamine (TRIS), triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine, glycine, lysine, ornithine, arginine, ethanolamine, choline and the like. In one embodiment, the amine cations are cations wherein X+ is of the formula YH+ wherein Y is ammonia, triethylamine, trimethylamine (TRIS), triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine, glycine, lysine, ornithine, arginine, ethanolamine, choline and the like. In one embodiment suitable cationic organic or inorganic salts that can be used include cationic moieties that can form an ionic association with the O moieties on the compound and not significantly adversely affecting the desired properties of the compound for purposes of the present invention, e.g., increased solubility, stability and the like.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13C- or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention.

As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to being inside the body. The term “in vitro” used as used in the present application is to be understood as indicating an operation carried out in a non-living system.

As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to the treatment of the conditions mentioned herein, particularly in a patient who demonstrates symptoms of the disease or disorder.

As used herein, the term “treatment” or “treating” refers to any administration of a compound of the present invention and includes (i) inhibiting the disease in an animal that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the diseased (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); or (ii) ameliorating the disease in an animal that is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the diseased (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology). The term “controlling” includes preventing treating, eradicating, ameliorating or otherwise reducing the severity of the condition being controlled.

As used herein, the terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” described herein means the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.

As used herein, the terms ‘‘administration of’’ or ‘‘administering a’’ compound as used herein should be understood to mean providing a compound of the invention to the individual in need of treatment in a form that can be introduced into that individual’s body in a therapeutically useful form and therapeutically useful amount, including, but not limited to: oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, and the like; injectable dosage forms, such as IV, IM, or IP, and the like; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and the like; and rectal suppositories.

As used herein the term “intravenous administration” includes injection and other modes of intravenous administration.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein to describe a carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

As defined generally above, each stereogenic center is independently R, S or racemic.

In different embodiments, the present invention has a structure:.

The compound can be paired with H, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cs, ammonium or tetraalkylammonium a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In one aspect, the compound is a hydrochloride salt.

One embodiment of this invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In one embodiment, said pharmaceutical compositions comprise a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of between about 1 mg and about 1 gram. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 1 mg and about 500 mg. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 500 mg and about 10 gram. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 250 mg and about 750 mg. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 50 mg and about 450 mg. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 100 mg and about 300 mg. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose.

Another embodiment of this invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In one embodiment, said pharmaceutical compositions comprise a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of between about 1 mg and about 1 gram. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 1 mg and about 500 mg. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 500 mg and about 1 gram. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 250 mg and about 750 mg. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 50 mg and about 450 mg. In some embodiments, the amount per unit dose is between about 100 mg and about 300 mg. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose.

In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical compositions additionally comprise one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect, and wherein the compound of Formula I or the compound of Formula IA reduces or eliminates the cardiopathy. In some embodiments, the one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect are selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional agents that induce a cardiopathy exist and may benefit from inclusion in formulations of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes a composition comprising an active agent that causes a cardiopathy and a compound of Formula I represented by one or more compounds of Formula I, as set forth above.

One embodiment of this invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a structure of Formula I or as structure of Formula I, formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration, as set forth above. In some embodiments, the composition formulated for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF). In some embodiments, the composition is a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form.

One embodiment of this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active agent that causes a cardiopathy as a side effect and a compound of Formula I, as set forth above.

One embodiment of this invention provides a method of reducing or eliminating one or more of a cardiac channelopathy, cardiac muscle damage, or a condition resulting from the irregularity or alteration in the cardiac pattern, in a human or animal subject caused by an active agent used to treat a disease, comprising the steps of: administering to the human or animal subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I.

In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical compositions additionally comprise one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives.

In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical compositions additionally comprise one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives.

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a composition, a pharmaceutical composition, and a method in which the active agent that causes a cardiopathy as a side effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that additional agents that induce a cardiopathy exist and may benefit from inclusion in formulations of the present invention.

In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical composition formulated for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF). In some embodiments, the composition is a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form. In some embodiments, the solid form further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives.

In one embodiment, said method provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration. In some embodiments, said pharmaceutical composition formulated for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF). In some embodiments, the composition is a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form. In some embodiments, the solid form further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the binder is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives.

In one embodiment, said method provides pharmaceutical compositions. One embodiment of this invention provides administration of a compound of Formula I, wherein said compound is a lipid that reduces or eliminates cardiopathies, such as QT prolongation, cardiac muscle damage, or AV block, that are drug-induced or caused by a disease or condition.

The single most common cause of the withdrawal or restriction of the use of marketed drugs has been QT-interval prolongation associated with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, or torsade de pointes, a condition that can be fatal.

5-HT3 antagonists block serotonin binding. Aloxi (or palonasitron HCL) is an antiemetic for chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, a 5-HT 3 antagonist, blocks serotonin binding to 5-HT3. In a study there was no significant difference in the QTc intervals during the perioperative period, whether 0.075 mg of palonosetron is administered before or after sevoflurane anesthesia. Palonosetron may be safe in terms of QTc intervals during sevoflurane anesthesia.

5-HT4 receptor agonist. Cisapride is a gastroprokinetic agent, a drug that increases motility in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It acts directly as a serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist and indirectly as a parasympathomimetic. Cisapride dose-dependently prolongs the QT interval. Neither torsade de pointe nor ventricular tachycardia were noted when monitoring 33 patients during a higher dose stage.

Histamine Antagonist. Antihistamines used in the treatment of allergy act by competing with histamine for H1-receptor sites on effector cells. They thereby prevent, but do not reverse, responses mediated by histamine alone.

Pain and Premenstrual Symptom Relief H1 antagonists are most useful in acute exudative types of allergy that present with symptoms of rhinitis, urticaria, and conjunctivitis. Their effect, however, is purely palliative and confined to the suppression of symptoms attributable to the histamine-antibody reaction

Pyrilamine is a diuretic first-generation histamine H1 antagonist. There is a case of an adolescent with prolonged QT interval after an overdose of pyrilamine. Reports of deaths resulting from ventricular tachyarrhythmias have been made.

Terfenidine is an antihistamine, used to treat allergies, hives (urticaria), and other allergic inflammatory conditions. The brand name Seldane is discontinued in the U.S. Rare reports of severe cardiovascular adverse effects have been received which include ventricular tachyarrhythmias (torsades de pointes, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and cardiac arrest), hypotension, palpitations, or syncope.

Loratidine is a first-line antihistamine is a second-generation peripheral histamine H1-receptor blocker. In structure, it is closely related to tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine, and is distantly related to the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine. Some antihistamines, such as mizolastine and ebastine, can prolong the QT interval and provoke severe cardiac arrhythmias. As of mid 2009 very few clinical data had been published on the risk of QT prolongation with loratadine. Very rare reported cases oftorsades de pointes linked to loratadine mainly appear to involve drug interactions, especially with amiodarone and enzyme inhibitors. There are no reports of QT prolongation attributed to desloratadine, the main metabolite of loratadine. Patients who have risk factors for torsades de pointes or who are taking certain enzyme inhibitors should avoid using loratadine.

Astemizole is a long-acting and highly selective H1 antagonist, acting on histamine H-1 receptor and H-3 receptors. It has antipruritic, and anticholinergic effects. It is also afunctional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase. An overdose of astemizole predisposes the myocardium to ventricular dysrhythmias, including torsades de pointes. However, dysrhythmias developed only in patients with corrected QT intervals greater than 500 ms.

Calcium channel blocker. Prenylamine is a calcium channel blocker of the amphetamine chemical class that is used as a vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris. Resting ECGs were recorded in 29 patients with angina pectoris before, during and after treatment with prenylamine 180 mg daily. The QT interval became significantly prolonged after one week of treatment. The prolongation persisted as long as therapy was continued, which was up to 6 months. After withdrawal of treatment the QT interval returned to normal within 2 weeks.

Lidoflazine is a piperazine calcium channel blocker is a coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action. As a tricyclic antihistamine, it acts as a selective inverse agonist of peripheral histamine H1-receptors. It carries a significant risk of QT interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia. Lidoflazine inhibits potently HERG current (I(HERG)) recorded from HEK 293 cells stably expressing wild-type HERG (IC(50) of approximately 16 nM). It is approximately 13-fold more potent against HERG than verapamil under similar conditions in preferentially inhibiting activated/open HERG channels. Lidoflazine produces high affinity blockade of the alpha subunit of the HERG channel by binding to aromatic amino acid residues within the channel pore and, second, that this is likely to represent the molecular mechanism of QT interval prolongation by this drug.

Bepridil is an antihypertensive drug which disrupts the movement of calcium (Ca²⁺) through calcium channels. While it prolongs the QT interval. Bepridil prolongs the QT and refractoriness and a linear correlation could be demonstrated between the percent change in QTc and refractory period prolongation. Bepridil in one patient reduced by one the number of stimuli required to induce VT, but no spontaneous arrhythmias were noted, It possesses antiarrhythmic properties with a minimal proarrhythmic effect.

Antimalarials. Chloroquine-Chlorpheniramine (chloroquine plus chloropheniramine) is a histamine H1 receptor blocker that reverses chloroquine insensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro, Chloroquine/chloropheniramine produces a higher cure rate than chloroquine alone. Short QT Syndrome (SQTS) is a sporadic or autosomal dominant disorder characterized by markedly accelerated cardiac repolarization, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. To date, mutations in 5 different ion channel genes (KCNH2, KCNQ1, KCNJ2, CACNA1C and CACNB2) have been identified to cause SQTS. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death is remarkably high in SQTS with cardiac arrest reported as a presenting symptom in 31% of SQTS subjects. Chloroquine Blocks a Mutant Kir2.1 Channel Responsible for Short QT Syndrome and Normalizes Repolarization Properties in silico.

Halofantrine is an antimalarial agent with a substituted phenanthrene, and is related to the antimalarial drugs quinine and lumefantrine. It can be associated with cardiotoxicity. The most dangerous side effect is cardiac arrhythmias: halofantrine causes significant QT prolongation, and this effect is seen even at standard doses. The drug should therefore not be given to patients with cardiac conduction defects and should not be combined with mefloquine. The mechanism of action of halofantrine is unknown.

Quinidine is an antimalarial that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent (Ia) in the heart. It is a stereoisomer of quinine, this alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission. Quinidine causes greater QT prolongation in women than in men at equivalent serum concentrations. This difference may contribute to the greater incidence of drug-induced torsades de pointes observed in women taking quinidine and has implications for other cardiac and noncardiac drugs that prolong the QTc interval.

Antipsychotics. First-generation antipsychotics, known as typical antipsychotics, were discovered in the 1950s. Most second-generation drugs, known as atypical antipsychotics, have been developed more recently, although the first atypical antipsychotic, clozapine, was discovered in the 1960s and introduced clinically in the 1970s. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain’s dopamine pathways, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain’s dopamine pathways, but atypicals tend to act on serotonin receptors as well. QTc interval prolongation can occur as a result of treatment with both conventional and novel antipsychotic medications and is of clinical concern because of its association with the potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia, torsade de pointes.

Pimozide is an antipsychotic drug of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class, Can induce prolongation of the QT interval. Pimozide is contraindicated in individuals with either acquired, congenital or a family history of QT interval prolongation. Its use is advised against in individuals with people with either a personal or a family history of arrhythmias or torsades de pointe acts as an antagonist of the D2, D3, and D4 receptors and the 5-HT7 receptor. It is also a hERG blocker.

Sertindole is an antipsychotic medication. Like other atypical antipsychotics, it has activity at dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. Abbott Labs first applied for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for sertindole in 1996, but withdrew this application in 1998 following concerns over the increased risk of sudden death from QTc prolongation. In a trial of 2000 patients on taking sertindole, 27 patients died unexpectedly, including 13 sudden deaths. The drug has not been approved by the FDA for use in the USA. In Europe, Sertindole was approved and marketed in 19 countries from 1996, but its marketing authorization was suspended by the European Medicines Agency in 1998 and the drug was withdrawn from the market. In 2002, based on new data, the EMA’s CHMP suggested that Sertindole could be reintroduced for restricted use in clinical trials, with strong safeguards including extensive contraindications and warnings for patients at risk of cardiac dysrhythmias, a recommended reduction in maximum dose from 24 mg to 20 mg in all but exceptional cases, and extensive ECG monitoring requirement before and during treatment

Chlorpromazine, marketed as Thorazine and Largactil, is an antipsychotic medication in the typical antipsychotic class. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to its ability as a dopamine antagonist. It also has anti-serotonergic and anti-histaminergic properties. Chlorpromazine is a very effective antagonist of D2 dopamine receptors and similar receptors, such as D3 and D5. Unlike most other drugs of this genre, it also has a high affinity for D1 receptors. Electrocardiogram QT corrected interval prolonged is reported only by a few people who take Thorazine. In a study of 2,633 people who have side effects while taking Thorazine from FDA and social media, 5 have electrocardiogram QT corrected interval prolonged.

Thioridazine is a piperidine typical antipsychotic drug belonging to the phenothiazine drug branded product was withdrawn worldwide in 2005 because it caused severe cardiac arrhythmias, however, generic versions are available in the U.S. The drug was voluntarily discontinued by its manufacturer, Novartis, worldwide because it caused severe cardiac arrhythmias. Thioridazine prolongs the QTc interval in a dose-dependent manner. The ratio of 5-HT2A to D2 receptor binding is believed to dictate whether or not most antipsychotics are atypical or typical. In thioridazine’s case its ratio of 5-HT2A to D2 receptor binding is below the level that’s believed to be required for atypicality despite its relatively low extrapyramidal side effect liability in practice.

Haldol, Haloperidol. A typical antipsychotic medication QT interval prolongation is meperidine. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, It is the most commonly used typical antipsychotic, Special cautions: patients at special risk for the development of QT prolongation (hypokalemia, concomitant use of other drugs causing QT Amiodarone: Q-Tc interval prolongation (potentially dangerous change in heart rhythm prolongation).

Mesoridazone is a piperidine neuroleptic drug belonging to the class of drugs called phenothiazines, used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is a metabolite of thioridazine. Mesoridazine was withdrawn from the United States market in 2004 due to dangerous side effects, namely irregular heartbeat and QT-prolongation of the electrocardiogram.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Celexa (citalopram) is an antidepressant in a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Its chemical structure a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative designated (±)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydrolsobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile, is unrelated to that of other SSRIs, or other available antidepressant agents. Citalopram may cause a condition that affects the heart rhythm (QT prolongation).

Antibiotics. Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase IV (enzymes necessary to separate bacterial DNA thereby inhibiting cell replication) may cause torsade de pointes. Coadministration of moxifloxacin with other drugs that also prolong the QT interval or induce bradycardia (e.g., beta-blockers, amiodarone) should be avoided. Careful consideration should be given in the use of moxifloxacin in patients with cardiovascular disease, including those with conduction abnormalities. Drugs that prolong the QT interval may have an additive effect on QT prolongation and lead to increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Pentamadine is an antimicrobial medication given to prevent and treat pneumocystis pneumonia. The exact mechanism of its anti-protozoal action is unknown (though it may involve reactions with ubiquitin and mitochondrial function. Severe or fatal arrhythmias and heart failure are quite frequent. the aromatic diamidine pentamidine acts via inhibition of hERG channel trafficking. Pentamidine has no acute effects on currents produced by hERG, KvLQT1/mink, Kv4.3, or SCNA5. After overnight exposure, however, pentamidine reduces hERG currents and inhibited trafficking and maturation of hERG with IC50 values of 5 to 8 µM similar to therapeutic concentrations.

Clarithromycin is an antibiotic made from erythromycin is chemically known as 6-O-methylerythromycin. It is in the macrolide class and works by stopping the making of protein by some bacteria. It causes QT prolongation or ventricular cardiac arrhythmias, including torsade de pointes.

Erythromycin is an antibiotic with common side effects that include serious side effects arrhythmia with prolonged QT intervals including torsades de pointes.

Grepafloxacin is an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Grepafloxacin was withdrawn worldwide from markets in 1999,owing to its side effect of lengthening the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, leading to cardiac events and sudden death.

Sparfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It has a controversial safety profile. The use of sparfloxacin is contraindicated in patients with known QTc prolongation and in patients treated concomitantly with class IA or III antiarrhythmic drugs. In a study, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after the 1200- and 1600-mg doses was lower than would be expected for a linear dose relationship. This was also the case with the mean increase and mean maximum increase in QTc interval. Increases in the QTc interval correlated well with C_(max) but not with AUCo-infinity.

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants. It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-tumor activities. In whole-cell patch-clamp experiments, curcumin inhibited hERG K+ currents in HEK293 cells stably expressing hERG channels in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 value of 5.55 µM. The deactivation, inactivation and the recovery time from inactivation of hERG channels were significantly changed by acute treatment of 10 µM curcumin.

Antiarrhythmics. Antiarrhythmics are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Procainamide is an antiarrhythmic class used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. It is classified by the Vaughan Williams classification system as class Ia, and is used for both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. It was also detected that the antiarrhythmic drug procainamide interferes with pacemakers. Because a toxic level of procainamide leads to decrease in ventricular conduction velocity and increase of the ventricular refractory period. This results in a disturbance in the artificial membrane potential and leads to a supraventricular tachycardia, which induces failure of the pacemaker and death. It induces rapid block of the batrachotoxin (BTX)-activated sodium channels of the heart muscle and acts as antagonist to long gating closures Procainamide belongs to the aminobenzamides, which has similar cardiac effects as quinidine it has the same toxicity profile as quinidine.

Propafenone is a class 1C anti-arrhythmic medication, which treats illnesses associated with rapid heartbeats such as atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and works by slowing the influx of sodium ions into the cardiac muscle cells, causing a decrease in excitability of the cells. Propafenone is more selective for cells with a high rate, but also blocks normal cells more than class Ia or Ib. Propafenone differs from the prototypical class Ic antiarrhythmic in that it has additional activity as a beta-adrenergic blocker, which can cause bradycardia.

Methanesulphonanilide (E-4031) is an experimental class III antiarrhythmic drug that blocks potassium channels of class III antiarrhythmic drug. E-4031 acts on a specific class of voltage-gated potassium channels mainly found in the heart, the hERG channels. hERG channels (Kv11.1) mediate the IKr current, which repolarizes the myocardial cells. The hERG channel is encoded by ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG). E-4031 blocks hERG-type potassium channels by binding to the open channels. Its structural target within the hERG-channel is unclear, but some other methanesulfonanilide class III antiarrhythmic drugs are known to bind to the S6 domain or C-terminal of the hERG-channel. As E-4031 can prolong the QT-interval, it can cause lethal arrhythmias. So far, one clinical trial has been conducted to test the effect of E-4031 on prolongation of the QT-interval.

Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic for ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia, prolongs phase 3 of the cardiac action potential. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent known to cause prolongation of action potential duration, which is reflected in the electrocardiogram as a prolongation of the QT. Amiodarone has multiple effects on myocardial depolarization and repolarization that make it an extremely effective antiarrhythmic drug. Its primary effect is to block the potassium channels, but it can also block sodium and calcium channels and the beta and alpha adrenergic receptors. Amiodarone significantly prolongs the QT interval and the QTc value.

Dronedarone is a benzofuran derivative related to amiodarone, is a drug used mainly for cardiac arrhythmias (approved by the FDA in 2009). It is a “multichannel blocker”, however, it is unclear which channel(s) play a pivotal role in its success. Dronedarone’s actions at the cellular level are controversial with most studies suggesting an inhibition in multiple outward potassium currents including rapid delayed rectifier, slow delayed rectifier and ACh-activated inward rectifier. It is also believed to reduce inward rapid Na current and L-type Ca channels. The reduction in K current in some studies was shown to be due to the inhibition of K-ACh channel or associated GTP-binding proteins. A reduction of K+ current by 69% led to increased AP duration and increased effective refractory periods, Displays amiodarone-like class III antiarrhythmic activity in vitro and in clinical trials. The drug also appears to exhibit activity in each of the 4 Vaughan-Williams antiarrhythmic classes. Contraindicated in Concomitant use of drugs or herbal products that prolong the QT interval and may induce Torsade de Pointes QTc Bazett interval ≥500 ms, or use with drugs or herbal supplements that prolong QT interval or increase risk oftorsades de points (Class I or III antiarrhythmic agents, phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, certain oral macrolides, ephedra).

Disopyramide is an antiarrhythmic medication used in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. It is a sodium channel blocker and therefore classified as a Class 1a anti-arrhythmic agent. Disopyramide’s Class 1a activity is similar to that of quinidine in that it targets sodium channels to inhibit conduction. Disopyramide depresses the increase in sodium permeability of the cardiac Myocyte during Phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, in turn decreasing the inward sodium current. This results in an increased threshold for excitation and a decreased upstroke velocity Disopyramide prolongs the PR interval by lengthening both the QRS and P wave duration. Concern about disopyramide has been the hypothetical potential for inducing sudden death from its type 1 anti-arrhythmic effects.

Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent. Due to the pro-arrhythmic potential of dofetilide, it is only available by prescription from physicians who have undergone specific training in the risks of treatment with dofetilide. In addition, it is only available by mail order or through specially trained local pharmacies Dofetilide works by selectively blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier outward potassium current. There is a dose-dependent increase in the QT interval and the corrected QT interval (QTc). Because of this, many practitioners will initiate dofetilide therapy only on individuals under telemetry monitoring or if serial EKG measurements of QT and QTc can be performed.

Sotalol is a non-selective competitive beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that also exhibits Class III antiarrhythmic properties. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises that sotalol only be used for serious arrhythmias, because its prolongation of the QT interval carries a small risk of life-threatening torsade de pointes. Sotalol also acts on potassium channels and causes a delay in relaxation of the ventricles. By blocking these potassium channels, sotalol inhibits efflux of K+ ions, which results in an increase in the time before another electrical signal can be generated in ventricular myocytes. This increase in the period before a new signal for contraction is generated.

Ibutilide is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent that is indicated for acute cardioconversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter and prolongs action potential and refractory period of myocardial cells. Because of its Class III antiarrhythmic activity, there should not be concomitant administration of Class Ia and Class III agents. Unlike most other Class III antiarrhythmic drugs, ibutilide does not produce its prolongation of action potential via blockade of cardiac delayed rectifier of potassium current, nor does it have a sodium-blocking, antiadrenergic, and calcium blocking activity that other Class III agents possess. Thus, it is often referred as a “pure” Class III antiarrhythmic drug. Ibutilide, like other class III antiarrhythmic drugs, blocks delayed rectified potassium current. It does have action on the slow sodium channel and promotes the influx of sodium through these slow channels. Like other antiarrhythmics, ibutilide can lead to abnormal heart rhythms due to its ability to prolong the QT interval, which can lead to the potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythm known as torsades de pointes. The drug is contraindicated in patients that are likely to develop abnormal heart rhythms; persons that have had polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in the past, have a long QT interval, sick sinus syndrome, or a recent myocardial infarction, among others.

Dopamine receptor antagonists. A dopamine antagonist (antidopaminergic) is a type of drug that blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. Most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, and as such they have found use in treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and stimulant psychosis. Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting.

Droperidol is an antidopaminergic butyrophenone, used as an antiemetic and antipsychotic, and is a potent D2 (dopamine receptor) antagonist with some histamine and serotonin antagonist activity. There are concerns about QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. The evidence for this is disputed, with 9 reported cases of torsades in 30 years and all of those having received doses in excess of 5 mg. QT prolongation is a dose-related effect, and it appears that droperidol is not a significant risk in low doses, however, prolongation of QT interval leads to torsades de pointes.

Domperidone is a peripherally selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that is a drug useful in Parkinson’s disease, caution is needed due to the cardiotoxic side effects of domperidone especially when given intravenously, in elderly people and in high doses (> 30 mg per day). A clinical sign of domperidone’s potential toxicity to the heart is the prolongation (lengthening) of the QT interval (a segment of the heart’s electrical pattern). Domperidone use is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (by 70%) most likely through its prolonging effect of the cardiac QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias. The cause is thought to be blockade of hERG voltage-gated potassium channels. The risks are dose-dependent, and appear to be greatest with high/very high doses via intravenous administration and in the elderly, as well as with drugs that interact with domperidone and increase its circulating concentrations (namely CYP3A4 inhibitors). Conflicting reports exist, however. In neonates and infants, QT prolongation is controversial and uncertain.

Anticancer agents. Doxorubicin and anthracycline prolongation of QTc, increased QT dispersion and development of late potentials are indicative of doxorubicin-induced abnormal ventricular depolarization and repolarization. QT dispersion and late potentials are both known to be associated with increased risk of serious ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death in various cardiac diseases.

Arsenic trioxide is an anti-leukemic can prolong the QTc interval. Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities: Before initiating therapy, perform a 12-lead ECG, assess serum electrolytes and creatinine, correct preexisting electrolyte abnormalities, and consider discontinuing drugs known to prolong QT interval. Arsenic trioxide can cause QT interval prolongation and complete atrioventricular block. QT prolongation can lead to a torsade de pointes-type ventricular arrhythmia, which can be fatal. The risk of torsade de pointes is related to the extent of QT prolongation, concomitant administration of QT prolonging drugs, a history of torsade de pointes, preexisting QT interval prolongation, congestive heart failure, administration of potassium-wasting diuretics, or other conditions that result in hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. One patient (also receiving amphotericin B) had torsade de pointes during induction therapy for relapsed APL with arsenic trioxide. Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃ used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia reduced hERG/IKr currents not by direct block, but by inhibiting the processing of hERG protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) thereby decreasing surface expression of hERG.

Opioids. Levomethadyl is a levo isomer of α-methadyl acetatea synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. It has a long duration of action due to its active metabolites. In 2001, levacetylmethadol was removed from the European market due to reports of life-threatening ventricular rhythm disorders.

Methadone is an opioid used to treat pain and drug addiction. Serious risks include opioid abuse and heart arrhythmia may also occur including prolonged QT. The number of deaths in the United States involving methadone poisoning was 4,418 in 2011, which was 26% of total deaths from opioid poisoning.

Hypolipidemic agents. Lovostatin is a drug used for lowering cholesterol an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Mevalonate is a required building block for cholesterol biosynthesis and lovastatin interferes with its production by acting as a reversible competitive inhibitor for HMG-CoA, which binds to the HMG-CoA reductase. QTc prolongation associated with antipsychotic medication occurs in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of lovastatin causes an increase in plasma quetiapine levels through competitive inhibition of the cytochrome P(450) (CYP) isoenzyme 3A4. This highlights the potential for a drug interaction between quetiapine and lovastatin leading to QTc prolongation during the management of dysipidemia in patients with schizophrenia.

Probucol is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug initially developed in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Probucol is associated with QT interval prolongation. Probucol aggravates long QT syndrome associated with a novel missense mutation M124T in the N-terminus of HERG.

Channelopathies. The human ether-à-go-go gene related cardiac tetrameric potassium channel, when mutated, can render patients sensitive to over 163 drugs, which inhibit ion conduction and deregulate action potentials. Prolongation of the action potential follows effects in the potassium channel. Ion channel active drugs may directly increase the QTc interval, and increase the risk of torsade de point and sudden cardiac death. Exacerbation of cardiomyocyte potassium channel sensitivity to drugs may also be associated with metabolic diseased states including diabetes or may be of idiopathic origin.

As used herein, the term “liposome” refers to a capsule wherein the wall or membrane thereof is formed of one or more of the novel lipids of the present invention. The lipids of the present invention can be used alone or in conjunction with other, known lipids. In one specific non-limiting example the novel lipids form, or are used in, liposomes that are empty liposomes and can be formulated from a single type of phospholipid or combinations of phospholipids. In one embodiment, the liposomes can be empty liposomes can further includes one or more surface modifications, such as proteins, carbohydrates, glycolipids or glycoproteins, and even nucleic acids such as aptamers, thio-modified nucleic acids, protein nucleic acid mimics, protein mimics, stealthing agents, etc.

Example 1. Cardioprotection Against Cardiotoxic Agents

The highly active chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin has been associated with acute but reversible cardiotoxic effects and a longer-term, dose-related cardiomyopathy. This cardiomyopathy is characterized by minimal left ventricular dilation and overall contractile dysfunction, often concurrent with moderate valve regurgitation (Keefe, 2001). More than one-half of all patients exposed to doxorubicin will present cardiac dysfunction within 10 to 20 years following chemotherapy, and 5% of them will develop overt HF (Cardinale, 2010). The incidence of cardiomyopathy in doxorubicin-treated patients is such that it is now used as an adjuvant, in combination with safer, albeit often less effective, therapies. One such therapy is HERCEPTIN® (Trastuzumab), a blockbuster humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the extracellular domain of HER2 in patients with breast cancer. However, Herceptin treatment is also hampered by cardiac toxicity, in this case a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with a reported incidence up to 27% (Bouwer, 2020).

The combination of doxorubicin and herceptin has been shown in clinical studies to improve overall survival by 24-33% in breast cancer patients (Romond, 2005). Since doxorubicin-induced, and herceptin-induced cardiomyopathies are largely irreversible and cumulative, finding ways to minimize the cardiac side effects of the combination is a key strategy if these very potent oncology tools are to remain in clinical use.

Vitamin D has been reported to offer some protection against anthracyclines, as has the iron chelator, dexrazoxane (Lee, 2021). Although the mechanism of protection is not fully understood, it could involve prevention of oxidation within biological membranes. In this ongoing research project, rats and mice were used to evaluate the protection offered by an anti-inflammatory complex lipid (SPP05) which integrates preferentially into cardiomyocyte membranes.

All experimentation was conducted in accordance with the guidelines on laboratory animal use of the Canadian Council against Animal Cruelty (CCAC) and IPST’s IACUC. IPST is AAALAC accredited.

Test system and treatment: Adult female C57/BL6 mice weighing 25 grams (n = 10/group) at time of study start were administered 24 mg/kg DOX ip over 2 weeks. Following a 1-week break, 10 mg/kg HER ip were administered over 2 weeks. In parallel, an anti-inflammatory lipid (SPP05) was administered from Day -10 at 10 mg/kg/day for one group of animals and at 50 mg/kg for another, throughout the project.

Experimental endpoints. Body weights were measured weekly.

Cardiac echography was conducted on Day -10, on Days, 14 and 42, and 49 using a Vivid 9 instrument and linear 13 MHz probe. Blood draws were performed on Days -7, 0, 21, and 49. Invasive hemodynamics were measured by cannulating the left ventricle using a fluid-filled PE15 catheter, connected to a Millar pressure transducer.

Troponin I, NT-Pro-BNP, and caspase-3 activity were measured by Q-ELISA.

Histological examination of the heart and liver were performed following fixation in 10% NBF, histology and staining with H&E and Picro Sirius Red.

Doxorubicin combined with Herceptin was considered the standard of care for HER-2-expressing breast cancer patients until the incidence of drug-induced heart failure prompted a shift in clinical approaches. In this mouse model, Doxo + Herc animals exhibited LV contractile dysfunction as evidenced by losses in ejection fraction, stroke volume, fractional shortening and pulse pressure. Furthermore, Doxo + Herc animals also exhibited LV tissue loss overall and at end systole and end-diastole. Finally, the biomarker of HF NT-Pro-BNP levels were greater in Doxo + Herc than in healthy (Sham) animals.

Treating the animals with SP005, a complex anti-inflammatory lipid with known membrane altering properties partially prevented the damage caused by the oncology treatment in the female mice. Given the mechanism of toxicity for Doxo + Herc, it is hypothesized that prevention of sphingomyelinases activation by reactive oxygen species is involved in the protection afforded by SP005.

FIG. 1 shows the effect of the compound I on QT prolongation when used with moxifloxacin.

FIG. 2 shows the 9-week study outline for determining the cardioprotective effect of the lipids.

FIG. 3 shows M-Mode echography images comparing the effects of a sham treatment, treatment with doxorubicin and Trastuzumab, and doxorubicin and Trastuzumab+ lipid SP005.

FIG. 4 shows left ventricular pressure recordings comparing a sham treatment, treatment with doxorubicin and Trastuzumab, and doxorubicin and Trastuzumab+ lipid SP005 at two concentrations, 10 mg.kg and 50 mg/kg.

FIGS. 5A to 5H are graphs that show the systolic left ventricular pressure (FIG. 5A), heart rate (FIG. 5B), stroke volume (FIG. 5C), left ventricular ejection fraction (FIG. 5D), percent fractional shortening (FIG. 5E), N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) at day 49 (FIG. 5F), anterior wall thickness end-diastole (AWT-ED) (mm) (FIG. 5G), anterior wall thickness end-systole (AWT-ES) mm (FIG. 5H), and left ventricular mass (echo) (FIG. 5I).

The novel lipids of the present invention may be manufactured in a native form, or in the form of a salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof salt. Salts further include, by way of example only, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like.

In at least some embodiments of the present invention, compounds of Formula I is prepared according to the following schemes. For reference, all variable groups included in the following schemes relate to the corresponding variables defined generally above. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that alternative reagents and reactants can be used to generate the same target compounds and intermediates.

It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specification can be implemented with respect to any method, kit, reagent, or composition of the invention, and vice versa. Furthermore, compositions of the invention can be used to achieve methods of the invention.

While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.

Example 2. (2R)-3-(((2,3-bis((3-aminopropanoyl)oxy)propoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl ditetradecanoate hydrochloride (Compound 35)

Step 1: Sodium 2,3-bis((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoyl)oxy)propyl ((R)-2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl) phosphate.

To a stirred solution of 3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino)propanoic acid (10.30 g, 54.4 mmol, 2.5 equiv) in DCM (325 ml) was added dicyclohexylmethanediimine (13.48 g, 65.3 mmol, 3 equiv) at RT, and stirred for 30 min. N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (1.330 g, 10.89 mmol, 0.5 equiv) and sodium (R)-2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) phosphate (15.0 g, 21.78 mmol, 1 equiv) was added at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16h, and was monitored by LCMS. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (100 ml) stirred for 10 min and filtered. The filtrate was washed with water (100 ml x 1), 0.5N HCl(50 ml x 1) and 10 % NaHCO₃(50 ml x 1). Combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to get 24.2 g of crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using basic 230-400 mesh silica gel (pre basified using ammonia). The product was eluted at 0%-10% of methanol in ethyl acetate. Pure fractions were collected and concentrated to get pure 11.8 gm product. 11.8 gm product was dissolved in DCM (200 ml), washed with 0.5N HCl (50 ml x 2), 10 % NaHCO₃solution (50 ml x 2). Combined organic layer was dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to get sodium 2,3-bis((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoyl)oxy)propyl ((R)-2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl) phosphate (10.66 g, 47.35 % yield) as pale yellow syrup.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) = 7.09 - 6.89 (m, 2H), 5.08 - 4.99 (m, 2H), 4.32 - 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.09 (dt, J= 6.5, 12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (br dd, J= 6.0, 12.0 Hz, 4H), 3.22 - 3.08 (m, 4H), 2.42 (br t, J= 6.8 Hz, 4H), 2.29 - 2.22 (m, 4H), 1.55 - 1.45 (m, 4H), 1.37 (s, 18H), 1.24 (s, 40H), 0.90 - 0.81 (m, 6H). LCMS: Mol. formula: C₅₀H92N₂NaO₁₆P,formula weight: 1031.25, exact mass: 1008.63, observed mass: 1009.7 [M+1]⁺, RT = 3.49 min, purity: 98.40%. Method: Mobile Phase A: 1 ml of 25 % ammonia solution in 1000 ml of MilliQ Water (pH:9 with Acetic acid). Mobile Phase B: acetonitrile. Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/min. COLUMN: XBridge C8 (50x4.6) mm, 3.5 µ.

Step 2: (2R)-3-(((2,3-bis((3-aminopropanoyl)oxy)propoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl ditetradecanoate hydrochloride.

To a stirred solution of sodium 2,3-bis((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoyl)oxy)propyl ((R)-2,3-bis(tetradecanoyloxy)propyl) phosphate (6 g, 5.82 mmol) in DCM (60 ml) was added hydrogen chloride (4M in 1,4-Dioxane, 30 ml, 120 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 10-15° C. for 2.5 h, and monitored by LCMS. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at RT. The residue was co-evaporated with ethyl acetate (75 ml) to and dried to give (2R)-3-(((2,3-bis((3-aminopropanoyl) oxy) propoxy) (hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl ditetradecanoate dihydrochloride (4.9 g, 99.62% yield) as off white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm) = 8.26 - 8.02 (m, 6H), 5.18 - 5.09 (m, 2H), 4.32 - 4.26 (m, 2H), 4.18 - 4.00 (m, 4H), 3.98 - 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.03 (br d, J= 5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.74 (dt, J= 3.2, 6.5 Hz, 4H), 2.33 - 2.22 (m, 4H), 1.60 - 1.43 (m, 4H), 1.24 (s, 40H), 0.91 - 0.80 (m, 6H). LCMS: Mol. formula: C₄₀H₇₈C1N₂O₁₂P, formula weight: 881.95, exact mass: 808.52. observed mass: 809.5 [M+1]⁺, RT = 2.96 min, purity: 97.87%. Method: Mobile Phase A: 1 ml of 25% ammonia solution in 1000 ml of MilliQ Water (pH:9 with Acetic acid). Mobile Phase B: acetonitrile. Flow Rate: 1.0ml/min. COLUMN: XBridge C8 (50x4.6) mm, 3.5 µ. HPLC: RT = 6.60 min; purity: 99.98%. Column: Xbridge C8(50X4.6) mm,3.5 µm, Mobile Phase A:0.1% TFA in water, Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile, Flow rate:2.0 ml/min.

Example 3. Cardiac Response Testing

Efficacy evaluation of the compounds of the present invention involved ECG measurements of adult male Hartley guinea pigs wherein PR, QRS, QT, QTc, JT, RR were recorded. In typical experiments, subcutaneous Kaha TR50B bio potential telemeters were surgically implanted in adult male Hartley guinea pigs weighing 300 to 350 g at enrollment. One lead was sutured to the apex of the heart, while another was sutured to the side of the aorta. The animals were allowed to recover from surgery for 5 days prior to being returned to the testing colony. Following recovery, animals were subjected to two rounds of evaluation as follows:

In Round 1 of the testing, baseline ECG records were obtained for 5 minutes prior to exposing the animals to single oral doses of moxifloxacin (20 mg/kg), administered orally to 8 guinea pigs. ECG signals were acquired continuously for 6 hours post administration of moxifloxacin. The animals were then returned to their housing to washout the drug over 5 to 7 days.

In Round 2 of the testing of the 8 guinea pigs, baseline ECGs were obtained for 5 minutes to compare these baseline intervals with the intervals measured prior to the 1st exposure to moxifloxacin (above). The animals were administered a single oral dose of 2 mg/kg of test compound (selected from Compounds 1-12). Concomitantly, 6 animals were gavaged with the same batch of moxifloxacin (20 mg/kg). Another 2 animals were given moxifloxacin (20 mg/kg) only. The purpose of dosing these animals with moxifloxacin only was to verify whether a 2nd exposure to moxifloxacin would result in enhanced QT prolongation. ECGs were acquired continuously for 6 hours. The animals were then returned to their housing to washout the drug over 5 to 7 days.

ECG analysis over 5 minutes pre-dose and 6 hours post dose consisted in was automated based on pattern recognition algorithms. The analyzed data were binned into 5-minute segments. Intervals such as PR, QRS, QT, QTc, JT and RR were analyzed automatically using AD Instruments LabChart Pro v8. The accuracy of the measurements was verified manually using digital cursors by randomly selecting 3 to 5 segments at any given time postdose. There were no noted discrepancies between automated and manual intervals outside of arrhythmic episodes. The frequency of arrhythmia was quantified and expressed as “% of ECG time spent in abnormal sinus rhythm over entire duration of the recording”.

The table below list the protection observed by test compounds against Moxifloxacin-induced QTc prolongation.

Test Compound Moxifloxacin 40 mg/kg I Protection at 1h post dose n/a 35 Protection at 2h post dose n/a 113 Protection at 4h post dose n/a 126 Protection at 6h post dose n/a 176 Time of maximal protection n/a 2h Duration of complete protection n/a 6 h Onset of protection n/a 2 h Maximal prolongation 29 ms 0 ms

It will be understood that particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

To aid the Patent Office, and any readers of any patent issued on this application in interpreting the claims appended hereto, applicants wish to note that they do not intend any of the appended claims to invoke paragraph 6 of 35 U.S.C. § 112, U.S.C. § 112 paragraph (f), or equivalent, as it exists on the date of filing hereof unless the words “means for” or “step for” are explicitly used in the particular claim.

For each of the claims, each dependent claim can depend both from the independent claim and from each of the prior dependent claims for each and every claim so long as the prior claim provides a proper antecedent basis for a claim term or element.

REFERENCES

Bouwer, N. J.-D. (2020). Cardiac monitoring in HER2-positive patients on trastuzumab treatment: A review and implications for clinical practice. The Breast, 52, 33-44.

Cardinale, D. C. (2010). Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(3), 213-220.

Keefe, D. (2001). Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. Seminars in oncology, 28(12), 2-7.

Lee, K. W. (2021). Cytoprotective Effect of Vitamin D on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(14), 7439-7456.

Romond, E. P. (2005). Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1673-1684.

Sordillo, P. S. (2015). The Prolonged QT Interval: Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Reactive Oxygen Species and the Ceramide and Sphingosine-1 Phosphate Pathways. In vivo, 29(6), 619-636. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula I,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is formulated into a pharmaceutical composition.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound further comprises one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect.
 4. The compound of claim 1, further comprising one or more agents that induces a cardiopathy as a side effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscamet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives or combinations thereof.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of between about 1, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 473, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 mg per unit dose.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a formulation for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the formulation for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF), and optionally, a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form.
 9. A method of preparing a compound of Formula I

comprising:

.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the compound of Formula I exists as a single entity, a solvate, a hydrate, a crystal, an amorphous solid, a liquid or an oil.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, further comprising one or more agents that induces a cardiopathy as a side effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscamet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, povidone, acrylic and methacrylic acid co-polymers, pharmaceutical glaze, gums, and milk derivatives or combinations thereof.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of between about 1, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 473, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 mg per unit dose.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a formulation for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the formulation for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF), and optionally, a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form.
 18. A method of reducing or eliminating one or more of a cardiac channelopathy, cardiac muscle damage, or a condition resulting from the irregularity or alteration in the cardiac pattern, in a human or animal subject, comprising the step of administering to the human or animal subject one or more of a compound of Formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the compound of Formula I at least one of: exists as a single entity, a solvate, a hydrate, a crystal, an amorphous solid, a liquid or an oil; reduces or eliminates one or more of a cardiac channelopathy or a condition resulting from the irregularity or alteration in the cardiac pattern caused by the active agent used to treat a disease; is administered in an amount per unit dose of between about 1, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 473, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 mg per unit dose; or is formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration, and optionally, the compound of Formula I is formulated for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF), a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form; or optionally, the solid form further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the compound of Formula I is co-administered with one or more agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more active agent that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect are selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the compound of Formula I reduces or eliminates cardiopathies, such as QT prolongation, cardiac muscle damage, or AV block, that are drug-induced or caused by a disease or condition.
 23. A method of reducing or eliminating a cardiotoxic or cardiopathic effect of one or more active agents comprising: administering to a subject in need of treatment for a disease or disorder one or more one or more active agents that are cardiotoxic; and providing a combination therapy with an effective amount of one or more lipids that reduce or eliminate the cardiotoxic effect of the one or more active agents, wherein the lipid has formula:

.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the cardiotoxicity or cardiopathicity is selected from at least one of: minimal left ventricular dilation, contractile dysfunction, moderate valve regurgitation, a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac hypertrophy, reduced cardiac contractility, reduced cardiac output, pressure and volume overload hypertrophy, myocardial dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, post-myocardial infarction heart failure, or cardiopathy.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more active agents is selected from doxorubicin, trastuzumab, or both.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more active agents and the lipid are administered concurrently.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more active agents and the lipid are formulated for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the compound and one or more active agents, or both, are infused over 3 hours.
 29. The method of claim 23, wherein one or more agents that induces a cardiotoxic or cardiopathic effect is selected from at least one of: Albuterol, Alfuzosin, Amantadine, Amiodarone, Amisulpride, Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Amphetamine, Anagrelide, Apomorphine, Arformoterol, Aripiprazole, Arsenic trioxide, Astemizole, Atazanavir, Atomoxetine, Azithromycin, Bedaquiline, Bepridil, Bortezomib, Bosutinib, Chloral hydrate, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Cocaine, Curcumin, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Desipramine, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmethylphenidate, Dextroamphetamine, Amphetamine, Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dobutamine, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Domperidone, Dopamine, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Adrenaline, Eribulin, Erythromycin, Escitalopram, Famotidine, Felbamate, Fenfluramine, Fingolimod, Flecainide, Fluconazole, Fluoxetine, Formoterol, Foscarnet, Fosphenytoin, Furosemide, Frusemide, Galantamine, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Granisetron, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Ibutilide, Iloperidone, Imipramine, Melipramine, Indapamide, Isoproterenol, Isradipine, Itraconazole, Ivabradine, Ketoconazole, Lapatinib, Levalbuterol, Levofloxacin, Levomethadyl, Lisdexamfetamine, Lithium, Mesoridazine, Metaproterenol, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Midodrine, Mifepristone, Mirabegron, Mirtazapine, Moexipril/HCTZ, Moxifloxacin, Nelfinavir, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Norepinephrine, Norfloxacin, Nortriptyline, Ofloxacin, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Oxytocin, Paliperidone, Paroxetine, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Perflutren lipid microspheres, Phentermine, Phenylephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, Pimozide, Posaconazole, Probucol, Procainamide, Promethazine, Protriptyline, Pseudoephedrine, Quetiapine, Quinidine, Quinine sulfate, Ranolazine, Rilpivirine, Risperidone, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Roxithromycin, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sertraline, Sevoflurane, Sibutramine, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Sulpiride, Sunitinib, Tacrolimus, Tamoxifen, Telaprevir, Telavancin, Telithromycin, Terbutaline, Terfenadine, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Tizanidine, Tolterodine, Toremifene, Trazodone, Trimethoprim-Sulfa, Trimipramine, Vandetanib, Vardenafil, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, or Ziprasidone.
 30. The method of claim 23, wherein a pharmaceutical composition comprising the one or more lipids further comprises one or more excipients, binders, anti-adherents, coatings, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, dyes, colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
 31. The method of claim 23, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I in an amount per unit dose of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 milligrams per unit dose.
 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a formulation for oral, sublingual, transdermal, suppository, intrathecal, enteral, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, cutaneous, subcutaneous, topical, pulmonary, rectal, vaginal, or intramuscular administration.
 33. The method of claim 23, wherein a formulation for oral administration is a tablet, capsule, caplet, pill, powder, troche, lozenge, slurry, liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, elixir or oral thin film (OTF).
 34. The method of claim 23, wherein the formulation is a solid form, a solution, a suspension, or a soft gel form.


35. A method of reducing or eliminating a cardiotoxic effect of one or more antiproliferative agents comprising: administering to a subject in need of treatment for a proliferative disorder one or more antiproliferative agents that are cardiotoxic; and providing a combination therapy with an effective amount of one or more lipids that reduce or eliminate the cardiotoxic effect of one or more antiproliferative agents, wherein the lipid has formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more antiproliferative agents is selected from doxorubicin, trastuzumab, or both.
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more antiproliferative agents and the lipid are administered concurrently.
 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more antiproliferative agents and the lipid administered orally, or intravenously.
 39. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more lipids, the one or more antiproliferative agents, or both, are infused over 3 hours.
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the one or more antiproliferative agents that induce a cardiopathy as a side effect are selected from at least one of: Bosutinib, Crizotinib, Dabrafenib, Dasatinib, Doxorubicin Lapatinib, Nilotinib, Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Vandetanib, or Vemurafenib.
 41. The method of claim 35, wherein the lipid is

. 